I know it’s not wrong, but it would definitely give one away as a non-native speaker and come across very awkwardly.

I thought through it and I’d wager a stiff draught that it ought not be so rough, though as I’m taught, it’s nought to cough at that a sturdy, taut bough would snap under the weight of its idiosyncrasies.

I still can't spell recieve and receipt

Hey, you got one of them right!

In Anglophone school, We were taught as children "I before e, except after c." This works most of the time, but "reign" breaks the rule. It is not even word orgin as both recieve and reign come from French.

Oh man this is me with "exercise" and "exorcise."

Oh, no, it's wrong grammatically too, they just don't teach this unless you study linguistics. Most of all languages with fixed word order and some others have a natural order of adjectives. Tom Scott has a great vid about it.

Yes, Russian has an adjective order too. “A big old blue car” would be «большая старая синяя машина», saying «синяя большая старая машина» implies that “big old car” is a specific term.

oh and how do you label yourself then?

You speak Hun-glish? I knew a little old lady way back in the day that spoke Hun-glish. As a medic, it took several conversations before I could even begin to understand her spoken symptoms.

One of my Polish colleagues, who otherwise speaks pretty perfect English, seems to choose he/she/it at random when putting sentences together. Which is fine for objects, but misleading for people. "I saw a friend yesterday and she said such-and-such" for a male friend, and so on.

That doesn't sound more simple.

Don't know about Farsi, but in Russian you would have to declare your knowledge and specificity of the subject. You can transmit some of that information by changing word emphasis, but it's not very clear.

As for your sentences I would translate them as:

1. The girl downstairs was playing violin → Девушка [girl] внизу [downstairs] играла [was playing] на скрипке [violin].
2. A girl downstairs was playing violin - Внизу [downstairs] девушка [girl] играла [was playing] на скрипке [violin].

The first one puts more emphasis on the "girl". The second one puts more emphasis on "downstairs", almost suggesting that the identity of the girl doesn't matter, kinda "some girl who happened to be downstairs". But it is not as explicit as a definite/indefinite article for sure.

If you want to make it certain that the identity of the girl doesn't matter, you could use an adjective to that extent: Внизу [downstairs] какая-то девушка [some girl] играла [was playing] на скрипке [violin].

If you want to make it certain that both you and the person you're talking to know about the girl, you can use a determiner: Та девушка [that girl] внизу [downstairs] играла [was playing] на скрипке [violin].

We do the opposite. If something is known we just say it.

"The girl(1) is playing(2) violin(3) downstairs(4)"

دختر(۱) در طبقه‌ی پایین(۴) ویالن(۳) مینوازد(۲)

To refer to an unknown thing we add a prefix ی to the thing

A girl -> دختری
The girl -> دختر

I guess the is implied, count is explicit. A thing becomes one thing and the thing becomes thing.

Never mind. I didnt realize it was for "the". You're correct, there is no "the" in Czech. I saw the German part and i was triggered by Czech cases (7 of them).

Is it done in Russian by prefixes or suffixes or something else, or do they just not have that form for nouns?

pronouns

insert anti-pronoun joke here