Tbh you've hit all the greats there as far as I can see, apart from 8 out of 10 Cats Does Countdown which for my money is far better than either of its originals

Outside the scope slightly but if you fancy a trip to completely the other side of the world, Guy Montgomery's Guy Mont-Spelling Bee, incredibly silly panel show from New Zealand which has a lot of the same flavour as UK ones

If you're into music then Never Mind the Buzzcocks is worth a watch. It's quite old and spanned a long period so maybe best just watching classic episodes on YouTube rather than going through chronologically from S1 though

Mock the Week is also great. Each episode starts with a topical part from the week's news which may go over your head if you don't know what they're referencing but after that it moves to comedy which should be suitable for anyone

Have I Got News For You is good as well but only if you're up to date and interested in British politics and current events, which having never been to the UK probably not but it is good so thought I'd recommend regardless

For more topical ones, Mock The Week, and Have I Got News For You ( UK edition. There's a U.S. remake, not to be confused).

How about radio shows? The unbelievable truth, just a minute, I'm sorry I haven't a clue are all good. Slightly different vibe than the tv ones, but good nonetheless. They're all available as podcasts.

Back in the day I liked Shooting Stars.

It’s not a panel show but my partner and I became quite obsessed with The 1% Club. Lee Mack is a great host.

Taskmaster is pretty great, I've also been really taken with Game Changer lately. That's a panel show, isn't it? American made, but still a lot of fun.

Gogglebox QI We Interrupt This Broadcast (AU)

Just a Minute, if you don’t mind not having any picture.

Yeah, Guy Mont Spelling Bee!
But I'm surprised nobody has mentioned Would I Lie To You.

Would I Lie To You - especially any episode that has Bob Mortimer on the panel.

Newsnight

Not sure this will quite fit what you're looking for as it's typically more casual and less highly-produced than the likes of your examples, but it might be worth checking out Tom Scott's work (as in, yes, the "I'm in " youtuber). He has quite a fondness for the format and has done his own versions a few times, including the ongoing podcast Lateral and the intermittent Reverse Trivia sessions with the Technical Difficulties crew (ie, him and some of his mates). He has links on his website https://www.tomscott.com/

If you like cats and you like Sean then give 15 storeys high a go.

It's not panel but it's good.

Also probably has a few other faces you'll recognise in it

Only one mention of QI in the comments?!?