I don't understand what a hub would buy you, aside from letting you connect multiple devices and maybe power concurrently. You can just use a USB-C cable and connect the phone to a laptop and have the same effect. If you can't do input to the phone, though, and it isn't already set up for data transfer, I don't think that a USB-C connection to a PC is going to help.

I don't use Google or Apple accounts myself, but my understanding is that if they have one and the phone is linked to it, there's some level of backup to the cloud that can occur. If that's happened, it might be that linking another phone to the account will work. I've no experience here, but might be something to look into.

Some phones can use an external USB-C display. I don't know whether you might be able to plug a USB-C touch display into the phone, authenticate, and enable developer mode or use a file transfer app or whatever with that.

That sucks. I'm just spitballing here, but is it perhaps possible to reboot the phone into recovery mode with its designated key combination and from there access an ADB shell? Which should work regardless of whether dev ops are on or not, because it's outside the OS. For instance, on my Samsung S23 with One UI 7, the recovery screen looks like this:

From there, I could blindly click myself into the apply update from ADB menu, upon which this screen/shell opens:

If you then (or prior to, I don't know) connect to a computer, maybe you could send other commands to it than the sideload one. Maybe, just MAYBE, you could "dump" the contents of the phone with a pull or the likes.

Again, I have no idea. And, unfortunately and fortunately, since the userspace data is encrypted as per Before First Unlock, you wouldn't be able to access it unencrypted.

Make and model?

I think you just plug it in. I'll have to check to see if it can be used with a monitor. I have an HDMI to Thunderbolt cord plugged into my TV, though since OS 27, streaming from macOS to tvOS has gotten much better, almost no lag. (I'm primarily an Apple guy.)

I do have a Galaxy S10 and a hub. I'll plug the HDMI cable into the hub and see if it works. It does generally depend on what kind of Android phone you have, though. Galaxy and Pixel have established ways of doing things, and the others... it's really anyone's guess how they'll react. But, generally, Android uses the Linux kernel. In my experience, it'll just take a keyboard or mouse if you can plug one in. Apple made a big deal about supporting game controllers, but Android more or less always has AFAIK. Fun fact: back in the day (I'm talking Android Gingerbread, so like 15+ years ago) I connected a keyboard, did CTRL+ALT+DEL, and the phone rebooted. It's funny because Android uses the Linux kernel and CTRL+ALT+DEL is a Windows thing. It's not a thing on Linux (or macOS). CTRL+⌘+DEL and CTRL+OPT+DEL don't do a damn thing on my Mac (we don't have Alt keys). Not sure what they do on Linux, but I assume "not a damn thing".

...And I couldn't get it to work. If I connected the phone directly to the TV, it would mirror it, but I had to click a bunch of things on the screen to make it happen, it wasn't automatic. Going through the hub was a no-go. The hub also has an HDMI port on it, so I unplugged my Xbox and plugged its HDMI cord into the hub, and switched to the input. Still nothing.

Did some Googling around and found out that Samsung doesn't allow you to easily change the USB settings. I couldn't make it work well on mine without tapping a bunch of stuff

You want to blindly enable file transfer protocol with a keyboard, is that it? Sounds tricky.

You would get an OTG cable (USB-C male to USB-A female). Then you get any normal USB hub and connect it with the OTG cable.