I don't understand what a hub would buy you, aside from letting you connect multiple devices and maybe power concurrently. You can just use a USB-C cable and connect the phone to a laptop and have the same effect. If you can't do input to the phone, though, and it isn't already set up for data transfer, I don't think that a USB-C connection to a PC is going to help.

I don't use Google or Apple accounts myself, but my understanding is that if they have one and the phone is linked to it, there's some level of backup to the cloud that can occur. If that's happened, it might be that linking another phone to the account will work. I've no experience here, but might be something to look into.

Some phones can use an external USB-C display. I don't know whether you might be able to plug a USB-C touch display into the phone, authenticate, and enable developer mode or use a file transfer app or whatever with that.