That sucks. I'm just spitballing here, but is it perhaps possible to reboot the phone into recovery mode with its designated key combination and from there access an ADB shell? Which should work regardless of whether dev ops are on or not, because it's outside the OS. For instance, on my Samsung S23 with One UI 7, the recovery screen looks like this:

From there, I could blindly click myself into the apply update from ADB menu, upon which this screen/shell opens:

If you then (or prior to, I don't know) connect to a computer, maybe you could send other commands to it than the sideload one. Maybe, just MAYBE, you could "dump" the contents of the phone with a pull or the likes.

Again, I have no idea. And, unfortunately and fortunately, since the userspace data is encrypted as per Before First Unlock, you wouldn't be able to access it unencrypted.