In the late 1950s through the 1960s, you could order automobile record players as a factory option. There were also aftermarket models. It seems that most of them were for 45s, not 33 RPM LPs, so you'd only get a single song before needing to switch the record it had a changer, per post from TuEstUnePommeDeTerre@lemmy.blahaj.zone below. But I found photos of 33 RPM in-car players too, so there must have been a few of those.

Here is a 1961 model,