I was curious as my car has laminated side windows, and dug into it possibly far further than was entirely sane. The summary is yes, you can indeed use shatterproof glass in passenger windows.

This can be found in 49 CFR § 571.205 S5.1, which specifies all glazing materials must conform to ANSI/SAE Z 26.1-1996. If we look at ANSI/SAE Z 26.1-2007 (a later update of the standard which is not meaningfully different for our purposes - I have elected to link to it here rather than 1996 as it is able to be found online without a paywall) and go to Table 1, Page 10, Items 1, 2, 10 and 11A, we can see that standards are given for the use of laminated glass for all positions (item 1), all positions except windshield (item 2), bullet-resistant glass for all window positions (10) and specifically laminated bullet-resistant glass for all positions except windshield (11A)