Other reply covered the origin, but as for contemporary usage:

From a random AI slop blog I found

Who is labeled a “Chud”?

While the definition can be fluid depending on who is tweeting, the label is most commonly slapped onto individuals perceived as:

• Alt-Right or Far-Right: Those holding extreme nationalist or reactionary views.
• “Reactionaries”: People who actively oppose social progress or hold traditionalist views that the speaker finds repugnant.
• The “Anti-Intellectual”: Someone who is viewed as confident in their ignorance, refusing to engage with facts or nuance.

I could have just said bigots instead but whatevs