There really should be a focus on government-level efforts in the EU, to force mobile manufacturers to standardise and open source all firmware sold in its jurisdiction. All OSS mobile OS's (not on custom OSS hardware) rely on Android solutions because mobile hardware is bespoke, closed source, and non-standard from device to device; the opposite to the PC ecosystem that enabled Linux. The Apple/Android duopoly won't be broken if mobile hardware vendors can continue creating custom closed-source firmware for their hardware, and there's simply no reason to allow this anti-competitiveness to continue.