ICE buys tool to monitor millions of smartphones. Experts say it’s dangerous
(www.independent.co.uk)
I'm a bit confused by your question...GPS definitely requires communication between your phone and a satellite (i.e. can't track you if your GPS unit is off - maybe you're thinking of satellite imaging?). EDIT: This is actually incorrect, see comments below
With wifi calling, yes, data is being sent to the carrier, but not via a signal that can be triangulated, so the most accurate location data they can gather is your IP address, which a VPN can easily hide.
Or do you mean in terms of generalized location tracking? In which case yes, highly accurate location data is shared by your phone with your carrier by default, just by way of how cellular networks function; no GPS required.