For passengers, the likely effect is more radar vectors, longer approaches and the occasional diversion, not a sudden inability to navigate. Airliners blend satellite signals with inertial systems, ground navigation aids, radar and air traffic control. Losing one layer raises workload and can make some approaches unavailable.

For airlines, the costs show up in training, procedures and continued reliance on conventional aids that EASA wants kept running. Geoawesome's analysis argues interference is becoming a normal part of operating conditions, and EASA's ranking, which keeps adding regions, points the same way.