A few examples:

• CTAD: Instead of std::pair<int, int> myPair{ 1, 2 }, you just write std::pair myPair{ 1, 2 }
• std::optional, std::variant and std::any
• Guaranteed copy elision in some cases, making it more feasible to apply the rule of 5 everywhere
• Attributes like [[nodiscard]] (compiler warning if an object or return value is discarded) and [[fallthrough]] (suppress a switch fallthrough warning)
• Generic lambdas ([](auto it){ /* do something */ })
• std::string_view, which is much safer as a function parameter than const char*