No. It's name is Luxo. It was created by Pixar. All other appearances are deliberate Easter eggs or referencing this Luxo.

You can buy it now because it is famous from Pixar. It didn't exist before Pixar's 1986 short Luxo Jr.

There were balls with a stripe and balls with small stars covering the ball. But there wasn't a ball with a single stripe and single large star.

Glover?

I haven't seen an answer here that predates the places I've seen them when I was a kid, which is as a circus ball, and after a Google search, they go back as far as the 1930s

yes, but they were shit balls

Yes they existed in some form. Have held them in my hand.

They were for juggling, at least the ones I had. Almost solid rubber balls but squishy