Reminds me of when I discovered I could put playstation 1 CDs in an audio CD player and they were often setup to play the soundtrack
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Gray cartridges run in GB mode. The GBC can apply some limited colorization, the firmware has a database of game IDs to apply specific palettes to, or you can select one manually with a button combo on startup.
Black cartridges are dual mode, they'll run in GB mode on original hardware or GBC mode on a GBC.
Translucent green cartridges are GBC-only. If you try to boot them on an original GB you'll get an error screen telling you this game is only for GBC.
Not only do GB and GBC games work on the GBA, but some of them even have special GBA-only content. I know that at least one of the Legend of Zelda Oracle games has an extra house in the village on GBA. When you play the game on a GB/GBC, there's just an empty lot in that place.
Fun fact, while the gameboy is turning on you can press a specific button combination to change the colour palette being used by the legacy gameboy games.
You can read about it here: https://yuhao-c.github.io/gameboy-user-manual/docs/changing-screen-color/
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