last names were not a ancient thing that's why a lot of names are based on a profession a lot of times it was based on the father's name that's why you have John's son or transposed to Johnson

To answer one of your follow-ups: Christ is a title, it's the English version of the Greek word for messiah.

Jesus Christ = Jesus the Christ = Jesus the Messiah = Christ Jesus and so forth

Last names were commonly just where you were from, who was your father, or what was your profession.

Jesus Of Nazareth, or Jesus Denazareth, Jesus Nazarethton, Jesus Di’Nazareth, Jesus Von Nazareth, Jesus Van Der Nazareth.

Jesus Son Of Joseph, or Jesus O’Joseph, Jesus Josephson, Jesus McJoseph, Jesus Bin Joseph, Jesus Josephsen, Jesus Ibn Joseph.

Jesus the Carpenter, or Jesus Carpenter.

(Those are just examples from different languages of how last names were commonly created, not what they actually called Jesus.)

Christ was his status as a holy figure. Like the “saint” in Saint Peter. It means “the anointed one” or “messiah”.

I heard somewhere that Mary does have a last name and it is referenced in the quran. But idn if that is real

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judas_Iscariot

Judas's epithet "Iscariot" (Ὶσκάριωθ or Ὶσκαριώτης), which distinguishes him from the other people named "Judas" in the gospels, is usually thought to be a Greek rendering of the Hebrew phrase איש־קריות, (Κ-Qrîyôt), meaning "the man from Kerioth".[17][9][18][19] This interpretation is supported by the statement in the Gospel of John 6:71 that Judas was "the son of Simon Iscariot".[9] Nonetheless, this interpretation of the name is not fully accepted by all scholars.[17][9] One of the most popular alternative explanations holds that "Iscariot" (ܣܟܪܝܘܛܐ, 'Skaryota' in Syriac Aramaic, per the Peshitta text) may be a corruption of the Latin word sicarius, meaning "dagger man",[17][9][20][21] which referred to a member of the Sicarii (סיקריים in Aramaic), a group of Jewish rebels who were known for assassinating people in crowds using long knives hidden under their cloaks.[17][9] This interpretation is problematic, however, because there is nothing in the gospels to associate Judas with the Sicarii,[9] and there is no evidence that the cadre existed during the 30s AD when Judas was alive.[22][9]

A possibility advanced by Ernst Wilhelm Hengstenberg is that "Iscariot" means "the liar" or "the false one", from the Hebrew איש-שקרים. C. C. Torrey suggests instead the Aramaic form שְׁקַרְיָא or אִשְׁקַרְיָא, with the same meaning.[23][24] Stanford rejects this, arguing that the gospel writers follow Judas's name with the statement that he betrayed Jesus, so it would be redundant for them to call him "the false one" before immediately stating that he was a traitor.[9] Some have proposed that the word derives from an Aramaic word meaning "red color", from the root סקר.[25] Another hypothesis holds that the word derives from one of the Aramaic roots סכר or סגר. This would mean "to deliver", based on the Septuagint rendering of Isaiah 19:4 (a theory advanced by J. Alfred Morin).[24] The epithet could also be associated with the manner of Judas's death, hanging. This would mean Iscariot derives from a kind of Greek-Aramaic hybrid: אִסְכַּרְיוּתָא, Iskarioutha, meaning "chokiness" or "constriction". This might indicate that the epithet was applied posthumously by the remaining disciples, but Joan E. Taylor has argued that it was a descriptive name given to Judas by Jesus, since other disciples such as Simon Peter/Cephas (Kephas "rock") were also given such names.[24]

Surnames are a pretty recent thing generally. Ashkenazi Jews only got them in like nineteenth or twentieth century, forced by German bureaucracy — and a lot of the surnames adopted were the person's profession.

Iceland doesn't have surnames to this day — they have patronymics instead. Singer Björk Guðmundsdóttir's last name means ‘daughter of Guðmundur’.

Because there were few enough people at that point in history, and they rarely moved around enough, such that a second name would be necessary to tell people apart.