uhh i just tried searching and your i5-8350U is a Kaby Lake Refresh actually, so it's more like a 7th gen.. and it has UHD Graphics 620.
i have two laptops with very similar gpu. one HD Graphics 615 (i5-7y57) and one HD Graphics 630 (i5-7300HQ). according to techpowerup these gpus seem to be all very similar, based on Kaby Lake GT2.
those two laptops are all running Slackware 15.0 (Linux 5.15) flawlessly. i suggest you try this distro/version just in case. it's a bit old but still the latest version and receiving security updates.
or maybe, the recent distros you tried are using Wayland instead of X11? i'm using Xorg X11 on all my systems.
if your machine somehow really just works with an older kernel, maybe try checking if some version used on RHEL/Rocky or CIP SLTS works well.