It's very easy, consuming USB tethering support is built into all Linux distros.
You just enable it (on the Android phone), plug it in, and then your computer will detect it as an ethernet connection.
https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/Android_tethering
Android is easy and requires no config on Debian's side. Iphone's require some support, although I think many distros preinstall the needed tools: https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/IPhone_tethering
USB tethering from Linux (or a Linux phone) should be possible as well, via NetworkManager: https://fedoramagazine.org/internet-connection-sharing-networkmanager/