PF2e does a surprisingly good job at both unequaling the odds with it's degrees of success mechanic and making class and level a much more flexible system through feats, but probably not to the degree you're wanting, and I can't argue with the rest.
Delta Green isn't a perfect fit for your requirements as it uses a single die, but it's degrees of success system also unequals the odds, so it might still work for you. VtM and it's relatives are probably a better fit, but I personally find them a bit melodramatic. I've found it pretty easy to find a VtM group by hanging around Goths, but haven't had any luck with Delta Green yet.