I'm not going to dive in there at the moment, correct me if I'm wrong (the 'the problem would get fixed up and things would keep going about like before' case I suppose).
To answer OP's question, basically the same thing that happened last time an inconsistency was found, Russel's paradox, which, to massively simplify, was add a new axiom that says you can't do that and carry on. (Which gave rise to the aforementioned ZFC set theory). Working math is still going to work in any case.