WebKit (e.g. GNOME Web, vimb, surf) is always there, and Servo is coming on leaps and bounds.

Also, for your consideration, there are:

• w3m (text-based, but supports displaying images with sixel, kitty, or framebuffer)
• Links2 (surprisingly usable)
• Dillo (better engine, but less features)
• NetSurf (better again, but you can't use a custom search engine and the JS engine doesn't seem to work)
• Chawan (text-based, but actually supports modern HTML and CSS; can display images using sixel or kitty; also supports gemini[^1])
• Ladybird (bad dev, good product)
• Stargate & Duckling (HTTP to Gemini[^1] proxies, so you can browse the web with Lagrange)
• Pale Moon & Basilisk (based on a fork of Gecko; still use XUL; may be a bit less secure, but disable JS and you might be alright)

Of course Librewolf, Waterfox, Tor Browser, ans Mullvad Browser are doing their best to resist the bullshit.

[^1]: The network protocol; not the LLM.