They're definitely known as Arabic numerals elsewhere too. It's mentioned in Math class fairly early on when Roman numerals are also introduced. I'm sure that even in American schools, it's mentioned that they're called Arabic numerals.

Unless you mean that in Chinese there's just no word for "numbers" and you have to use the name of the specific system?

We call them Arabic numerals too but the street name is numbers. Very powerful concept

Chinese/Japanese characters have kindof always led to good student outcomes in wrote memorization because of the necessity of pattern recognition. With an alphabet there’s simply less to learn, and you don’t have much context since etymology in alphabet based languages is so much more esoteric.

Also, Americans aren’t really taught much about technology from outside of the American sphere of influence. American schooling has a lot of dead zones.