Edit: This question attracted way more interest than I hoped for! I will need some time to go through the comments in the next days, thanks for your efforts everyone. One thing I could grasp from the answers already - it seems to be complicated. There is no one fits all answer.

Under capitalism, it seems companies always need to grow bigger. Why can't they just say, okay, we have 100 employees and produce a nice product for a specific market and that's fine?

Or is this only a US megacorp thing where they need to grow to satisfy their shareholders?

Let's ignore that most of the times the small companies get bought by the large ones.

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[–] 3 points 1 year ago

Because they took the money. If you take the money, the path is inevitable

When you take on investors, you just invited in someone who looks at your company like a farmer does to their crops. They want you to grow as much as possible, but they don't actually care if you live or die - you're one of many using up resources

If your growth slows, they're going to demand more. They might demand you make cuts, they might push you to take loans and expand, they might try to sell to someone else. If your value isn't increasing faster than other possible investments, they lose imaginary money to opportunity cost

And by virtue of being an investor, they have plenty of money and want to gamble with it. A total loss probably wouldn't impact their lifestyle, they want invest in Apple at the ground floor and become a billionaire

You can start a company through loans, risk your house and build up slowly, and walk away clear. And people do.

But then they want to retire... And there's this neat trick you can do if you want to own a small business... You can make it buy itself. You can take out a loan to pay out the previous owner, say 5 years of profit, and make the business take on the loan. But now, just to break even, you've got to beat what you paid for it plus interest over the term. And both business and individuals can do this

So in short? The reason is debt. A small business can make you upper middle class, a large one could make your entire family insanely wealthy for centuries.

But once you take the money, the business has to grow, or it'll be harvested

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