That blows. I recently had a pinch-flat on clean asphalt (!!!) that wouldn't take a patch in the field and was forced to walk the last 5 km.
Two things I'd check into besides the tube: the tire casing and the tube install. Sometimes a puncture through the tire's fabric breaks too many strands or cuts through both biases. In that case the tire is toast as any tube will push through the puncture the moment you start riding on it. It's this kind of tire failure for why I keep a tire boot in my repair bag.
I've also seen tubes get damaged when using tire levers. Those usually fail with tears and little bubbles of weakness. If at all possible, do not use a tire lever for anything but removing a tire. I've had very good tubes be fatally damaged in this way.