DKIM, DMARC, SPF, rDNS/PTR, EHLO... all correct and verified in the email "original source," BY GOOGLE. Still goes to SPAM folder because **** you, apparently. I hate Google.
That screen is from cloudflare. It means you're blocking their JavaScript or iframe elements used to create the bot challenge. I get it quite often as I still use the old uMatrix extension. Temporarily unblocking and refreshing the page will let you through.