I think it depends on the country and industry. I never ever had to write a cover letter, but then again most of my jobs the company recruiters found and messaged me instead of the other way around. On the other hand one of my friends had to recently write a detailed cover letter and heavily customize their CV for every job they applied to.

Yes, makes it easier for the recruiter. that's how it's taught at school, too. At least was, haven't been in school for a while but have applied for jobs using this format.

Sometimes they ask to write a small letter about how you think you are right for this job. I thought that was the cover letter. It's not supposed to be very long.

I honestly don’t know. I found my job through an employment agency, I worked there a few months and they offered me a permanent contract. I said yes and that was nine years ago.

Yep pretty much, we have a EU format for CVs and maybe add a little letter of why you think you are the right person for the job and that's it, something short

Some examples:

Examples