depends on if you copy over the partition table as well iirc. For this to work you'll have to have the /etc/fstab file be defined using UUIDs, not disk names. you can do this with something like:

dd if=/dev/mycurrentdrive of=/dev/newdrive bs=10M

reinstalling the bootloader isn't hard though, just make sure you know if your system is configured to boot via bios or uefi

There is a few bytes at the beginning of the hard disk that tells the BIOS from where to load the OS.

These bytes don't belong to any particular partition.

What you want is very doable you just need to reinstall the bootloader after or else your system won't boot.

Try to find a Linux person near you to help or if you want to test for your self. Make a simulation using a virtual machine and see if you could accomplish what you want there before doing it in your real system