Yes, like most cases where this is brought up the local case is what you're referencing but it doesn't affect your breathing if it's released over the open ocean. And the point is that we have been polluting sulfur in large amounts already and we've just recently started doing that less.

It looks like the article you linked discussing the potential effect aerosols have on storms and the heat gradients don't really change in the northern hemisphere with or without the aerosols. The southern there is a slight change but I'm not sure what conclusions can be made from that. They also are assuming either quadrupling or doubling of current CO2 levels which doesn't sound realistic considering renewables and batteries are either cheaper or at price parity in many situations and only getting cheaper by comparison. With most of transportation, energy generation, industrial heat, and space heating greatly reducing their carbon footprint in the next 5-10 years I don't see us doubling our CO2 concentration. Does SO2 cause problems yeah, but in the low concentrations that it would be at and in the upper atmosphere where it would spend less time raining down to earth it's better than the alternative. Are there possible strategies of releasing aerosols in certain locations to minimize the negative externalities idk but that's why the research needs to be done.