I found the study: https://doi.org/10.1145/3551349.3559494

It's open access, short, and really well written. Was a primary source of my bachelor's thesis.

Figure 2 for the lazy people:

The results of this study suggest that rust programs can be a bit slower, or nearly match the performance of C programs on x86-64, and that the runtime checks play a big role in this dynamic.