The study shows rainbow trout endure an average of 10 minutes of intense pain during air asphyxia, with estimates ranging from 2 to 22 minutes depending on factors like fish size and water temperature. This translates to approximately 24 minutes of pain per kilogram of fish. These estimates are based on a comprehensive review of existing research to assess the intensity and duration of pain and distress experienced by the fish.

Crucially, the study also assesses the cost-effectiveness of interventions. If implemented properly, electrical stunning could avert 60 to 1,200 minutes of moderate to extreme pain for every U.S. dollar of capital cost.