(you may want to post this to !privacy@lemmy.ml or a similar community... I suppose GOS uses the Linux kernel technically but I think this community is for desktop Linux lol)
GOS is really nice. It's very seamless and user-friendly, whilst still being very unbloated and minimal. You still have everything you'd expect to have on a phone but the environment is nicely minimal and lets you only install the software you want.
I've been using GOS as my exclusive mobile OS for many years, never had any technical problems with it.
You can use bluetooth headphones or usb-c headphones. Including the bluetooth headphones google sells. Afaik they are still just bluetooth headphones.
How easy is to transfer data from GrapheneOS to debian and the other way round?
Easy: https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/Media_Transfer_Protocol