Chromium has done that to me before when I didn't setup its keyring properly. I would just hit ESC three times to get past its dialog. Now I make sure to use an empty password for its keyring because I only use Chomium when something doesn't work in Firefox.

KDE Plasma has also asked me many times for opening its keyring and that has pissed me off. I don't use KDE Plasma other than on one server though.

Some of the other password requests you can disable in the graphical system settings (like asking for password coming out of suspend).

For the rest, those are just the same as Windows UAC which asks whether you want to give something adminstrator privileges. There's probably a way to set up that experience if you'd rather click 'yes' in a popup than type your password.

If you're using an administrator account it won't ask for a password but it will put up a UAC prompt. If you're not using an administrator account, it puts up a UAC prompt with a password.