Your surface area doesn't decrease from you having a higher speed. In fact, because humans are quite vertical objects, moving them fast along the horizontal axis means they actually have a somewhat higher chance of crossing paths with something dropping vertically.

This is the same for rain, by the way. But since moving at a higher speed typically means you get to your destination sooner and spend less time outside of a house, it's still generally a good idea to go fast.

Meteors aren't generally aimed, so barring obstacles in its path, they'll hit just about anywhere.

I'm sure there's some higher or lower odds based on hemisphere and latitude and the typical trajectories of meteors before they get to the planet, as well as relative density of the atmosphere... but that's going to affect general areas, not specific ones. Whether or not you're moving and at what speed (unless it's fast enough to move between continents or something 🤪) won't matter as much.

Mind you, that's based entirely on assumption and no actual fact. I'm sure a person with actual accredited smarts would be able to dispute it effectively.

I was talking about real life, but I think factorio calculates damage in more than one physics iteration. If that's the case, your odds increase a very small bit by going faster, but a bit that is way more significant than the "indistinguishable from zero" you get in real life.

Oh, and just to add, your hits of being hit by a meteor on any single trip reduce the faster you move. But the trains are always out there, so their odds of being hit in a game-play don't change (or change very little).