That’s an interesting topic, separate from the MainTopic (RFK is an absolute idiot). I’d push back on the idea that Portuguese and Spanish exploration was fundamentally based on Arab teachings: they drew on knowledge from many sources and developed their own navigation practices. Still, Arabic-speaking scholars helped preserve, develop, and transmit important astronomy and mathematics that influenced Europe.

Likewise, Islam emerged in a late-antique world shaped by Judaism and Christianity, among other traditions.